diff --git a/changelog/upgrade-notes.md b/changelog/upgrade-notes.md
index c43d94ccbd..75db24d11b 100644
--- a/changelog/upgrade-notes.md
+++ b/changelog/upgrade-notes.md
@@ -6,6 +6,35 @@
 
 To update your applications, simply replace `exceedLength` with `overflow`.
 
+#### Deprecation of `ol.source.ImageVector`
+
+Rendering vector sources as image is now directly supported by `ol.layer.Vector` with the new `renderMode: 'image'` configuration option. Change code like this:
+
+```js
+new ol.layer.Image({
+  source: new ol.source.ImageVector({
+    style: myStyle,
+    source: new ol.source.Vector({
+      url: 'my/data.json',
+      format: new ol.format.GeoJSON()
+    })
+  })
+});
+```
+to:
+
+```js
+new ol.layer.Vector({
+  renderMode: 'image',
+  style: myStyle,
+  source: new ol.source.Vector({
+    url: 'my/data.json',
+    format: new ol.format.GeoJSON()
+  })
+});
+```
+
+
 ### v4.5.0
 
 #### Removed GeoJSON crs workaround for GeoServer
diff --git a/examples/drag-and-drop-image-vector.html b/examples/drag-and-drop-image-vector.html
index d4284b1f6c..a4f89bc8b6 100644
--- a/examples/drag-and-drop-image-vector.html
+++ b/examples/drag-and-drop-image-vector.html
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 ---
 layout: example.html
 title: Drag-and-Drop Image Vector
-shortdesc: Example of using the drag-and-drop interaction with a ol.source.ImageVector.
+shortdesc: Example of using the drag-and-drop interaction with image vector rendering.
 docs: >
-  Example of using the drag-and-drop interaction with a ol.source.ImageVector. Drag and drop GPX, GeoJSON, IGC, KML, or TopoJSON files on to the map. Each file is rendered to an image on the client.
+  Example of using the drag-and-drop interaction with an `ol.layer.Vector` with `renderMode: 'image'``. Drag and drop GPX, GeoJSON, IGC, KML, or TopoJSON files on to the map. Each file is rendered to an image on the client.
 tags: "drag-and-drop-image-vector, gpx, geojson, igc, kml, topojson, vector, image"
 cloak:
   As1HiMj1PvLPlqc_gtM7AqZfBL8ZL3VrjaS3zIb22Uvb9WKhuJObROC-qUpa81U5: Your Bing Maps Key from http://www.bingmapsportal.com/ here
diff --git a/examples/drag-and-drop-image-vector.js b/examples/drag-and-drop-image-vector.js
index ab6239a970..a8fb251725 100644
--- a/examples/drag-and-drop-image-vector.js
+++ b/examples/drag-and-drop-image-vector.js
@@ -7,10 +7,9 @@ goog.require('ol.format.KML');
 goog.require('ol.format.TopoJSON');
 goog.require('ol.interaction');
 goog.require('ol.interaction.DragAndDrop');
-goog.require('ol.layer.Image');
+goog.require('ol.layer.Vector');
 goog.require('ol.layer.Tile');
 goog.require('ol.source.BingMaps');
-goog.require('ol.source.ImageVector');
 goog.require('ol.source.Vector');
 goog.require('ol.style.Circle');
 goog.require('ol.style.Fill');
@@ -115,11 +114,10 @@ dragAndDropInteraction.on('addfeatures', function(event) {
   var vectorSource = new ol.source.Vector({
     features: event.features
   });
-  map.addLayer(new ol.layer.Image({
-    source: new ol.source.ImageVector({
-      source: vectorSource,
-      style: styleFunction
-    })
+  map.addLayer(new ol.layer.Vector({
+    renderMode: 'image',
+    source: vectorSource,
+    style: styleFunction
   }));
   map.getView().fit(vectorSource.getExtent());
 });
diff --git a/examples/image-vector-layer.html b/examples/image-vector-layer.html
index 8050783b8c..b2d63eb9fe 100644
--- a/examples/image-vector-layer.html
+++ b/examples/image-vector-layer.html
@@ -3,9 +3,7 @@ layout: example.html
 title: Image Vector Layer
 shortdesc: Example of an image vector layer.
 docs: >
-  <p>This example uses a <code>ol.source.ImageVector</code> source. That source gets vector features from the
-  <code>ol.source.Vector</code> it's configured with, and draw these features to an HTML5 canvas element that
-  is then used as the image of an image layer.</p>
+  <p>This example uses <code>ol.layer.Vector</code> with `renderMode: 'image'`. This mode results in faster rendering during interaction and animations, at the cost of less accurate rendeering.</p>
 tags: "vector, image"
 ---
 <div id="map" class="map"></div>
diff --git a/examples/image-vector-layer.js b/examples/image-vector-layer.js
index 4f1e9ced77..3a5561a72f 100644
--- a/examples/image-vector-layer.js
+++ b/examples/image-vector-layer.js
@@ -1,38 +1,37 @@
 goog.require('ol.Map');
 goog.require('ol.View');
 goog.require('ol.format.GeoJSON');
-goog.require('ol.layer.Image');
-goog.require('ol.layer.Tile');
 goog.require('ol.layer.Vector');
-goog.require('ol.source.ImageVector');
-goog.require('ol.source.OSM');
 goog.require('ol.source.Vector');
 goog.require('ol.style.Fill');
 goog.require('ol.style.Stroke');
 goog.require('ol.style.Style');
+goog.require('ol.style.Text');
 
 
+var style = new ol.style.Style({
+  fill: new ol.style.Fill({
+    color: 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6)'
+  }),
+  stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({
+    color: '#319FD3',
+    width: 1
+  }),
+  text: new ol.style.Text()
+});
+
 var map = new ol.Map({
   layers: [
-    new ol.layer.Tile({
-      source: new ol.source.OSM()
-    }),
-    new ol.layer.Image({
-      source: new ol.source.ImageVector({
-        source: new ol.source.Vector({
-          url: 'data/geojson/countries.geojson',
-          format: new ol.format.GeoJSON()
-        }),
-        style: new ol.style.Style({
-          fill: new ol.style.Fill({
-            color: 'rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6)'
-          }),
-          stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({
-            color: '#319FD3',
-            width: 1
-          })
-        })
-      })
+    new ol.layer.Vector({
+      renderMode: 'image',
+      source: new ol.source.Vector({
+        url: 'data/geojson/countries.geojson',
+        format: new ol.format.GeoJSON()
+      }),
+      style: function(feature) {
+        style.getText().setText(feature.get('name'));
+        return style;
+      }
     })
   ],
   target: 'map',
diff --git a/externs/olx.js b/externs/olx.js
index 332870a03e..80ad93a5df 100644
--- a/externs/olx.js
+++ b/externs/olx.js
@@ -4262,6 +4262,7 @@ olx.layer.TileOptions.prototype.zIndex;
  *     maxResolution: (number|undefined),
  *     opacity: (number|undefined),
  *     renderBuffer: (number|undefined),
+ *     renderMode: (ol.layer.VectorRenderType|string|undefined),
  *     source: (ol.source.Vector|undefined),
  *     map: (ol.PluggableMap|undefined),
  *     declutter: (boolean|undefined),
@@ -4274,6 +4275,19 @@ olx.layer.TileOptions.prototype.zIndex;
 olx.layer.VectorOptions;
 
 
+/**
+ * Render mode for vectors:
+ *  * `'image'`: Vectors are rendered as images. Great performance, but
+ *    point symbols and texts are always rotated with the view and pixels are
+ *    scaled during zoom animations.
+ *  * `'vector'`: Vectors are rendered as vectors. Most accurate rendering
+ *    even during animations, but slower performance.
+ * @type {ol.layer.VectorRenderType|string|undefined}
+ * @api
+ */
+olx.layer.VectorOptions.prototype.renderMode;
+
+
 /**
  * Render order. Function to be used when sorting features before rendering. By
  * default features are drawn in the order that they are created. Use `null` to
@@ -4455,6 +4469,7 @@ olx.layer.VectorTileOptions.prototype.renderBuffer;
  */
 olx.layer.VectorTileOptions.prototype.renderMode;
 
+
 /**
  * Render order. Function to be used when sorting features before rendering. By
  * default features are drawn in the order that they are created.
@@ -4579,7 +4594,7 @@ olx.layer.VectorTileOptions.prototype.visible;
  * @type {number|undefined}
  * @api
  */
-olx.layer.VectorOptions.prototype.zIndex;
+olx.layer.VectorTileOptions.prototype.zIndex;
 
 
 /**
diff --git a/src/ol/layer/VectorRenderType.js b/src/ol/layer/VectorRenderType.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..872c6adbf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/ol/layer/VectorRenderType.js
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+goog.provide('ol.layer.VectorRenderType');
+
+/**
+ * @enum {string}
+ * Render mode for vector layers:
+ *  * `'image'`: Vector tiles are rendered as images. Great performance, but
+ *    point symbols and texts are always rotated with the view and pixels are
+ *    scaled during zoom animations.
+ *  * `'vector'`: Vector tiles are rendered as vectors. Most accurate rendering
+ *    even during animations, but slower performance.
+ * @api
+ */
+ol.layer.VectorRenderType = {
+  IMAGE: 'image',
+  VECTOR: 'vector'
+};
diff --git a/src/ol/layer/vector.js b/src/ol/layer/vector.js
index a2e60decd8..34674ff02a 100644
--- a/src/ol/layer/vector.js
+++ b/src/ol/layer/vector.js
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ goog.provide('ol.layer.Vector');
 goog.require('ol');
 goog.require('ol.LayerType');
 goog.require('ol.layer.Layer');
+goog.require('ol.layer.VectorRenderType');
 goog.require('ol.obj');
 goog.require('ol.style.Style');
 
@@ -75,6 +76,12 @@ ol.layer.Vector = function(opt_options) {
   this.updateWhileInteracting_ = options.updateWhileInteracting !== undefined ?
     options.updateWhileInteracting : false;
 
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @type {ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType|string}
+   */
+  this.renderMode_ = options.renderMode || ol.layer.VectorRenderType.VECTOR;
+
   /**
    * The layer type.
    * @protected
@@ -197,6 +204,14 @@ ol.layer.Vector.prototype.setStyle = function(style) {
 };
 
 
+/**
+ * @return {ol.layer.VectorRenderType|string} The render mode.
+ */
+ol.layer.Vector.prototype.getRenderMode = function() {
+  return this.renderMode_;
+};
+
+
 /**
  * @enum {string}
  * @private
diff --git a/src/ol/layer/vectortile.js b/src/ol/layer/vectortile.js
index fdb536f554..5fc5028689 100644
--- a/src/ol/layer/vectortile.js
+++ b/src/ol/layer/vectortile.js
@@ -24,6 +24,17 @@ goog.require('ol.obj');
 ol.layer.VectorTile = function(opt_options) {
   var options = opt_options ? opt_options : {};
 
+  var renderMode = options.renderMode || ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.HYBRID;
+  ol.asserts.assert(renderMode == undefined ||
+      renderMode == ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.IMAGE ||
+      renderMode == ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.HYBRID ||
+      renderMode == ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.VECTOR,
+  28); // `renderMode` must be `'image'`, `'hybrid'` or `'vector'`
+  if (options.declutter && renderMode == ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.IMAGE) {
+    renderMode = ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.HYBRID;
+  }
+  options.renderMode = renderMode;
+
   var baseOptions = ol.obj.assign({}, options);
 
   delete baseOptions.preload;
@@ -34,24 +45,6 @@ ol.layer.VectorTile = function(opt_options) {
   this.setUseInterimTilesOnError(options.useInterimTilesOnError ?
     options.useInterimTilesOnError : true);
 
-  var renderMode = options.renderMode;
-
-  ol.asserts.assert(renderMode == undefined ||
-      renderMode == ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.IMAGE ||
-      renderMode == ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.HYBRID ||
-      renderMode == ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.VECTOR,
-  28); // `renderMode` must be `'image'`, `'hybrid'` or `'vector'`
-
-  if (options.declutter && renderMode == ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.IMAGE) {
-    renderMode = ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.HYBRID;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * @private
-   * @type {ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType|string}
-   */
-  this.renderMode_ = renderMode || ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType.HYBRID;
-
   /**
    * The layer type.
    * @protected
@@ -74,14 +67,6 @@ ol.layer.VectorTile.prototype.getPreload = function() {
 };
 
 
-/**
- * @return {ol.layer.VectorTileRenderType|string} The render mode.
- */
-ol.layer.VectorTile.prototype.getRenderMode = function() {
-  return this.renderMode_;
-};
-
-
 /**
  * Whether we use interim tiles on error.
  * @return {boolean} Use interim tiles on error.
diff --git a/src/ol/renderer/canvas/imagelayer.js b/src/ol/renderer/canvas/imagelayer.js
index c38b73d3d1..b9a159548c 100644
--- a/src/ol/renderer/canvas/imagelayer.js
+++ b/src/ol/renderer/canvas/imagelayer.js
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 goog.provide('ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer');
 
 goog.require('ol');
+goog.require('ol.ImageCanvas');
 goog.require('ol.LayerType');
 goog.require('ol.ViewHint');
 goog.require('ol.extent');
+goog.require('ol.layer.VectorRenderType');
+goog.require('ol.obj');
+goog.require('ol.plugins');
 goog.require('ol.renderer.Type');
 goog.require('ol.renderer.canvas.IntermediateCanvas');
 goog.require('ol.transform');
@@ -31,6 +35,12 @@ ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer = function(imageLayer) {
    */
   this.imageTransform_ = ol.transform.create();
 
+  /**
+   * @private
+   * @type {ol.renderer.canvas.VectorLayer}
+   */
+  this.vectorRenderer_ = null;
+
 };
 ol.inherits(ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer, ol.renderer.canvas.IntermediateCanvas);
 
@@ -42,7 +52,9 @@ ol.inherits(ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer, ol.renderer.canvas.IntermediateCanvas
  * @return {boolean} The renderer can render the layer.
  */
 ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer['handles'] = function(type, layer) {
-  return type === ol.renderer.Type.CANVAS && layer.getType() === ol.LayerType.IMAGE;
+  return type === ol.renderer.Type.CANVAS && (layer.getType() === ol.LayerType.IMAGE ||
+      layer.getType() === ol.LayerType.VECTOR &&
+      /** @type {ol.layer.Vector} */ (layer).getRenderMode() === ol.layer.VectorRenderType.IMAGE);
 };
 
 
@@ -53,7 +65,17 @@ ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer['handles'] = function(type, layer) {
  * @return {ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer} The layer renderer.
  */
 ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer['create'] = function(mapRenderer, layer) {
-  return new ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer(/** @type {ol.layer.Image} */ (layer));
+  var renderer = new ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer(/** @type {ol.layer.Image} */ (layer));
+  if (layer.getType() === ol.LayerType.VECTOR) {
+    var candidates = ol.plugins.getLayerRendererPlugins();
+    for (var i = 0, ii = candidates.length; i < ii; ++i) {
+      var candidate = /** @type {Object.<string, Function>} */ (candidates[i]);
+      if (candidate !== ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer && candidate['handles'](ol.renderer.Type.CANVAS, layer)) {
+        renderer.setVectorRenderer(candidate['create'](mapRenderer, layer));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return renderer;
 };
 
 
@@ -105,12 +127,31 @@ ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer.prototype.prepareFrame = function(frameState, laye
         projection = sourceProjection;
       }
     }
-    image = imageSource.getImage(
-        renderedExtent, viewResolution, pixelRatio, projection);
-    if (image) {
-      var loaded = this.loadImage(image);
-      if (loaded) {
-        this.image_ = image;
+    if (this.vectorRenderer_) {
+      var context = this.vectorRenderer_.context;
+      var imageFrameState = /** @type {olx.FrameState} */ (ol.obj.assign({}, frameState, {
+        size: [
+          ol.extent.getWidth(renderedExtent) / viewResolution,
+          ol.extent.getHeight(renderedExtent) / viewResolution
+        ],
+        viewState: /** @type {olx.ViewState} */ (ol.obj.assign({}, frameState.viewState, {
+          rotation: 0
+        }))
+      }));
+      if (this.vectorRenderer_.prepareFrame(imageFrameState, layerState)) {
+        context.canvas.width = imageFrameState.size[0] * pixelRatio;
+        context.canvas.height = imageFrameState.size[1] * pixelRatio;
+        this.vectorRenderer_.composeFrame(imageFrameState, layerState, context);
+      }
+      this.image_ = new ol.ImageCanvas(renderedExtent, viewResolution, pixelRatio, context.canvas);
+    } else {
+      image = imageSource.getImage(
+          renderedExtent, viewResolution, pixelRatio, projection);
+      if (image) {
+        var loaded = this.loadImage(image);
+        if (loaded) {
+          this.image_ = image;
+        }
       }
     }
   }
@@ -140,3 +181,23 @@ ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer.prototype.prepareFrame = function(frameState, laye
 
   return !!this.image_;
 };
+
+
+/**
+ * @inheritDoc
+ */
+ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer.prototype.forEachFeatureAtCoordinate = function(coordinate, frameState, hitTolerance, callback, thisArg) {
+  if (this.vectorRenderer_) {
+    return this.vectorRenderer_.forEachFeatureAtCoordinate(coordinate, frameState, hitTolerance, callback, thisArg);
+  } else {
+    return ol.renderer.canvas.IntermediateCanvas.prototype.forEachFeatureAtCoordinate.call(this, coordinate, frameState, hitTolerance, callback, thisArg);
+  }
+};
+
+
+/**
+ * @param {ol.renderer.canvas.VectorLayer} renderer Vector renderer.
+ */
+ol.renderer.canvas.ImageLayer.prototype.setVectorRenderer = function(renderer) {
+  this.vectorRenderer_ = renderer;
+};
diff --git a/src/ol/renderer/canvas/vectorlayer.js b/src/ol/renderer/canvas/vectorlayer.js
index ca702e15cd..d1fca8eb10 100644
--- a/src/ol/renderer/canvas/vectorlayer.js
+++ b/src/ol/renderer/canvas/vectorlayer.js
@@ -70,10 +70,9 @@ ol.renderer.canvas.VectorLayer = function(vectorLayer) {
   this.replayGroup_ = null;
 
   /**
-   * @private
    * @type {CanvasRenderingContext2D}
    */
-  this.context_ = ol.dom.createCanvasContext2D();
+  this.context = ol.dom.createCanvasContext2D();
 
   ol.events.listen(ol.render.canvas.labelCache, ol.events.EventType.CLEAR, this.handleFontsChanged_, this);
 
@@ -139,7 +138,7 @@ ol.renderer.canvas.VectorLayer.prototype.composeFrame = function(frameState, lay
   }
   var replayGroup = this.replayGroup_;
   if (replayGroup && !replayGroup.isEmpty()) {
-    var layer = this.getLayer();
+    var layer = /** @type {ol.layer.Vector} */ (this.getLayer());
     var drawOffsetX = 0;
     var drawOffsetY = 0;
     var replayContext;
@@ -155,9 +154,9 @@ ol.renderer.canvas.VectorLayer.prototype.composeFrame = function(frameState, lay
         drawWidth = drawHeight = drawSize;
       }
       // resize and clear
-      this.context_.canvas.width = drawWidth;
-      this.context_.canvas.height = drawHeight;
-      replayContext = this.context_;
+      this.context.canvas.width = drawWidth;
+      this.context.canvas.height = drawHeight;
+      replayContext = this.context;
     } else {
       replayContext = context;
     }
diff --git a/src/ol/renderer/webgl/imagelayer.js b/src/ol/renderer/webgl/imagelayer.js
index 485b442eb7..a6304d7d63 100644
--- a/src/ol/renderer/webgl/imagelayer.js
+++ b/src/ol/renderer/webgl/imagelayer.js
@@ -8,7 +8,6 @@ goog.require('ol.extent');
 goog.require('ol.functions');
 goog.require('ol.renderer.Type');
 goog.require('ol.renderer.webgl.Layer');
-goog.require('ol.source.ImageVector');
 goog.require('ol.transform');
 goog.require('ol.webgl');
 goog.require('ol.webgl.Context');
@@ -248,7 +247,7 @@ ol.renderer.webgl.ImageLayer.prototype.forEachLayerAtPixel = function(pixel, fra
     return undefined;
   }
 
-  if (this.getLayer().getSource() instanceof ol.source.ImageVector) {
+  if (this.getLayer().getSource().forEachFeatureAtCoordinate !== ol.nullFunction) {
     // for ImageVector sources use the original hit-detection logic,
     // so that for example also transparent polygons are detected
     var coordinate = ol.transform.apply(
diff --git a/src/ol/source/imagevector.js b/src/ol/source/imagevector.js
index 66a15f2fe6..78352056d7 100644
--- a/src/ol/source/imagevector.js
+++ b/src/ol/source/imagevector.js
@@ -14,7 +14,11 @@ goog.require('ol.transform');
 
 
 /**
+ * @deprecated
  * @classdesc
+ * **Deprecated**. Use an `ol.layer.Vector` with `renderMode: 'image'` and an
+ * `ol.source.Vector` instead.
+ *
  * An image source whose images are canvas elements into which vector features
  * read from a vector source (`ol.source.Vector`) are drawn. An
  * `ol.source.ImageVector` object is to be used as the `source` of an image
diff --git a/test/rendering/ol/layer/vector.test.js b/test/rendering/ol/layer/vector.test.js
index bca13ea6ad..0f33f50977 100644
--- a/test/rendering/ol/layer/vector.test.js
+++ b/test/rendering/ol/layer/vector.test.js
@@ -101,6 +101,33 @@ describe('ol.rendering.layer.Vector', function() {
       });
     });
 
+    it('renders opacity correctly with renderMode: \'image\'', function(done) {
+      createMap('canvas');
+      var smallLine = new ol.Feature(new ol.geom.LineString([
+        [center[0], center[1] - 1],
+        [center[0], center[1] + 1]
+      ]));
+      smallLine.setStyle(new ol.style.Style({
+        zIndex: -99,
+        stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({width: 75, color: 'red'})
+      }));
+      source.addFeature(smallLine);
+      addPolygon(100);
+      addCircle(200);
+      addPolygon(250);
+      addCircle(500);
+      addPolygon(600);
+      addPolygon(720);
+      map.addLayer(new ol.layer.Vector({
+        renerMode: 'image',
+        source: source
+      }));
+      map.once('postrender', function() {
+        expectResemble(map, 'rendering/ol/layer/expected/vector-canvas.png',
+            17, done);
+      });
+    });
+
     it('renders transparent layers correctly with the canvas renderer', function(done) {
       createMap('canvas');
       var smallLine = new ol.Feature(new ol.geom.LineString([
@@ -140,6 +167,46 @@ describe('ol.rendering.layer.Vector', function() {
       });
     });
 
+    it('renders transparent layers correctly with renderMode: \'image\'', function(done) {
+      createMap('canvas');
+      var smallLine = new ol.Feature(new ol.geom.LineString([
+        [center[0], center[1] - 1],
+        [center[0], center[1] + 1]
+      ]));
+      smallLine.setStyle([
+        new ol.style.Style({
+          stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({width: 75, color: 'red'})
+        }),
+        new ol.style.Style({
+          stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({width: 45, color: 'white'})
+        })
+      ]);
+      source.addFeature(smallLine);
+      var smallLine2 = new ol.Feature(new ol.geom.LineString([
+        [center[0], center[1] - 1000],
+        [center[0], center[1] + 1000]
+      ]));
+      smallLine2.setStyle([
+        new ol.style.Style({
+          stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({width: 35, color: 'blue'})
+        }),
+        new ol.style.Style({
+          stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({width: 15, color: 'green'})
+        })
+      ]);
+      source.addFeature(smallLine2);
+
+      map.addLayer(new ol.layer.Vector({
+        renderMode: 'image',
+        source: source,
+        opacity: 0.5
+      }));
+      map.once('postrender', function() {
+        expectResemble(map, 'rendering/ol/layer/expected/vector-canvas-transparent.png',
+            7, done);
+      });
+    });
+
     it('renders rotation correctly with the canvas renderer', function(done) {
       createMap('canvas');
       map.getView().setRotation(Math.PI + Math.PI / 4);
@@ -160,6 +227,27 @@ describe('ol.rendering.layer.Vector', function() {
       });
     });
 
+    it('renders rotation correctly with renderMode: \'image\'', function(done) {
+      createMap('canvas');
+      map.getView().setRotation(Math.PI + Math.PI / 4);
+      addPolygon(300);
+      addCircle(500);
+      map.addLayer(new ol.layer.Vector({
+        renderMode: 'image',
+        source: source,
+        style: new ol.style.Style({
+          stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({
+            width: 2,
+            color: 'black'
+          })
+        })
+      }));
+      map.once('postrender', function() {
+        expectResemble(map, 'rendering/ol/layer/expected/vector-canvas-rotated.png',
+            2.9, done);
+      });
+    });
+
     it('renders fill/stroke batches correctly with the canvas renderer', function(done) {
       createMap('canvas');
       source = new ol.source.Vector({
@@ -510,6 +598,47 @@ describe('ol.rendering.layer.Vector', function() {
       });
     });
 
+    it('declutters text with renderMode: \'image\'', function(done) {
+      createMap('canvas');
+      var layer = new ol.layer.Vector({
+        renderMode: 'image',
+        source: source
+      });
+      map.addLayer(layer);
+
+      var centerFeature = new ol.Feature({
+        geometry: new ol.geom.Point(center),
+        text: 'center'
+      });
+      source.addFeature(centerFeature);
+      source.addFeature(new ol.Feature({
+        geometry: new ol.geom.Point([center[0] - 550, center[1]]),
+        text: 'west'
+      }));
+      source.addFeature(new ol.Feature({
+        geometry: new ol.geom.Point([center[0] + 550, center[1]]),
+        text: 'east'
+      }));
+
+      layer.setDeclutter(true);
+      layer.setStyle(function(feature) {
+        return new ol.style.Style({
+          text: new ol.style.Text({
+            text: feature.get('text'),
+            font: '12px sans-serif'
+          })
+        });
+      });
+
+      map.once('postrender', function() {
+        var hitDetected = map.getFeaturesAtPixel([42, 42]);
+        expect(hitDetected).to.have.length(1);
+        expect(hitDetected[0]).to.equal(centerFeature);
+        expectResemble(map, 'rendering/ol/layer/expected/vector-canvas-declutter.png',
+            2.2, done);
+      });
+    });
+
     it('declutters text and respects z-index', function(done) {
       createMap('canvas');
       var layer = new ol.layer.Vector({
@@ -589,6 +718,46 @@ describe('ol.rendering.layer.Vector', function() {
       });
     });
 
+    it('declutters images with renderMode: \'image\'', function(done) {
+      createMap('canvas');
+      var layer = new ol.layer.Vector({
+        renderMode: 'image',
+        source: source
+      });
+      map.addLayer(layer);
+
+      var centerFeature = new ol.Feature({
+        geometry: new ol.geom.Point(center)
+      });
+      source.addFeature(centerFeature);
+      source.addFeature(new ol.Feature({
+        geometry: new ol.geom.Point([center[0] - 550, center[1]])
+      }));
+      source.addFeature(new ol.Feature({
+        geometry: new ol.geom.Point([center[0] + 550, center[1]])
+      }));
+
+      layer.setDeclutter(true);
+      layer.setStyle(function(feature) {
+        return new ol.style.Style({
+          image: new ol.style.Circle({
+            radius: 15,
+            stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({
+              color: 'blue'
+            })
+          })
+        });
+      });
+
+      map.once('postrender', function() {
+        var hitDetected = map.getFeaturesAtPixel([40, 40]);
+        expect(hitDetected).to.have.length(1);
+        expect(hitDetected[0]).to.equal(centerFeature);
+        expectResemble(map, 'rendering/ol/layer/expected/vector-canvas-declutter-image.png',
+            IMAGE_TOLERANCE, done);
+      });
+    });
+
     it('declutters images and respects z-index', function(done) {
       createMap('canvas');
       var layer = new ol.layer.Vector({
@@ -715,6 +884,49 @@ describe('ol.rendering.layer.Vector', function() {
       });
     });
 
+    it('declutters text along lines and images with renderMode: \'image\'', function(done) {
+      createMap('canvas');
+      var layer = new ol.layer.Vector({
+        source: source
+      });
+      map.addLayer(layer);
+
+      var point = new ol.Feature(new ol.geom.Point(center));
+      point.setStyle(new ol.style.Style({
+        image: new ol.style.Circle({
+          radius: 8,
+          stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({
+            color: 'blue'
+          })
+        })
+      }));
+      var line = new ol.Feature(new ol.geom.LineString([
+        [center[0] - 650, center[1] - 200],
+        [center[0] + 650, center[1] - 200]
+      ]));
+      line.setStyle(new ol.style.Style({
+        stroke: new ol.style.Stroke({
+          color: '#CCC',
+          width: 12
+        }),
+        text: new ol.style.Text({
+          placement: 'line',
+          text: 'east-west',
+          font: '12px sans-serif'
+        })
+      }));
+
+      source.addFeature(point);
+      source.addFeature(line);
+
+      layer.setDeclutter(true);
+
+      map.once('postrender', function() {
+        expectResemble(map, 'rendering/ol/layer/expected/vector-canvas-declutter-line.png',
+            IMAGE_TOLERANCE, done);
+      });
+    });
+
     it('declutters text along lines and images with z-index', function(done) {
       createMap('canvas');
       var layer = new ol.layer.Vector({