diff --git a/doc/errors/index.md b/doc/errors/index.md
index a762cfa599..e45f47bd3b 100644
--- a/doc/errors/index.md
+++ b/doc/errors/index.md
@@ -245,3 +245,7 @@ Layer opacity must be a number.
 
 `forEachFeatureAtCoordinate` cannot be used on a WebGL layer if the hit detection logic has not been enabled.
 This is done by providing adequate shaders using the `hitVertexShader` and `hitFragmentShader` properties of `WebGLPointsLayerRenderer`.
+
+### 67
+
+A layer can only be added to the map once. Use either `layer.setMap()` or `map.addLayer()`, not both.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/ol/layer/Layer.js b/src/ol/layer/Layer.js
index bef87a803e..4d3d846845 100644
--- a/src/ol/layer/Layer.js
+++ b/src/ol/layer/Layer.js
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import LayerProperty from './Property.js';
 import {assign} from '../obj.js';
 import RenderEventType from '../render/EventType.js';
 import SourceState from '../source/State.js';
+import {assert} from '../asserts.js';
 
 /**
  * @typedef {function(import("../PluggableMap.js").FrameState):HTMLElement} RenderFunction
@@ -243,7 +244,13 @@ class Layer extends BaseLayer {
     if (map) {
       this.mapPrecomposeKey_ = listen(map, RenderEventType.PRECOMPOSE, function(evt) {
         const renderEvent = /** @type {import("../render/Event.js").default} */ (evt);
-        renderEvent.frameState.layerStatesArray.push(this.getLayerState(false));
+        const layerStatesArray = renderEvent.frameState.layerStatesArray;
+        const layerState = this.getLayerState(false);
+        // A layer can only be added to the map once. Use either `layer.setMap()` or `map.addLayer()`, not both.
+        assert(!layerStatesArray.some(function(arrayLayerState) {
+          return arrayLayerState.layer === layerState.layer;
+        }), 67);
+        layerStatesArray.push(layerState);
       }, this);
       this.mapRenderKey_ = listen(this, EventType.CHANGE, map.render, map);
       this.changed();
diff --git a/test/spec/ol/layer/layer.test.js b/test/spec/ol/layer/layer.test.js
index eb090511ac..f7c3aeb13e 100644
--- a/test/spec/ol/layer/layer.test.js
+++ b/test/spec/ol/layer/layer.test.js
@@ -631,8 +631,7 @@ describe('ol.layer.Layer', function() {
           map: map
         });
         frameState = {
-          layerStatesArray: [],
-          layerStates: {}
+          layerStatesArray: []
         };
       });
 
@@ -651,6 +650,7 @@ describe('ol.layer.Layer', function() {
           layer.setZIndex(index);
           map.dispatchEvent(new RenderEvent('precompose', null, frameState, null));
           const layerState = frameState.layerStatesArray[0];
+          frameState.layerStatesArray.length = 0;
           expect(layerState.zIndex).to.be(index);
         });
       });